We measure exposure to ground-level carbon monoxide using a country’s ambient ground-level concentration. The pollutant concentration is population-weighted to better capture the exposure levels in geographic areas with a higher human population density. A score of 100 indicates a country has among the lowest exposure in the world (≤5th-percentile), while a score of 0 indicates a country is among the highest (≥99th-percentile). Data for this indicator come from the Copernicus database and from Wolf et al., 2021.
CO exposure
| Country | Rank | EPI Score | 10-Year Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fiji | 1 | 100.00 | NA |
| Kiribati | 1 | 100.00 | NA |
| New Zealand | 1 | 100.00 | NA |
| Solomon Islands | 1 | 100.00 | NA |
| Tonga | 1 | 100.00 | NA |
| Vanuatu | 1 | 100.00 | NA |
| Samoa | 1 | 100.00 | NA |
| Marshall Islands | 8 | 98.60 | 0.20 |
| Mauritius | 9 | 97.60 | 10.60 |
| Micronesia | 10 | 95.80 | 1.20 |
| Seychelles | 11 | 95.00 | 2.60 |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 12 | 91.60 | 6.50 |
| Barbados | 13 | 91.00 | 2.20 |
| Dominica | 13 | 91.00 | 3.30 |
| Saint Lucia | 15 | 90.80 | 2.70 |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 16 | 90.60 | 2.20 |
| Grenada | 17 | 89.80 | 1.10 |
| Comoros | 18 | 89.00 | 0.60 |
| Bahamas | 19 | 86.10 | 5.80 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | 20 | 85.40 | 1.40 |
| Cabo Verde | 21 | 83.90 | 2.20 |
| Papua New Guinea | 22 | 82.20 | -2.50 |
| Guyana | 23 | 81.50 | 1.00 |
| Suriname | 24 | 81.10 | 1.70 |
| Uruguay | 25 | 79.40 | -4.30 |
| Cuba | 26 | 77.50 | 4.70 |
| Maldives | 27 | 75.50 | 0.40 |
| Iceland | 28 | 73.70 | 2.40 |
| Timor-Leste | 29 | 73.40 | 2.50 |
| Nicaragua | 30 | 73.10 | 0.60 |
| Belize | 31 | 72.80 | -0.70 |
| Malta | 32 | 71.20 | 5.60 |
| Ireland | 33 | 71.00 | 2.40 |
| Mauritania | 34 | 70.00 | -0.40 |
| Sao Tome and Principe | 35 | 69.90 | -7.00 |
| Costa Rica | 36 | 68.20 | -1.20 |
| Cyprus | 37 | 67.30 | 5.40 |
| Jamaica | 38 | 67.10 | 4.40 |
| Sweden | 39 | 66.50 | 5.60 |
| Portugal | 40 | 66.40 | 12.70 |
| Argentina | 41 | 66.20 | 1.90 |
| Panama | 41 | 66.20 | -2.70 |
| Denmark | 43 | 65.20 | 6.80 |
| Finland | 44 | 64.50 | 5.40 |
| Norway | 45 | 63.30 | 4.80 |
| Botswana | 46 | 63.20 | -3.10 |
| Spain | 47 | 63.00 | 8.20 |
| Dominican Republic | 48 | 62.50 | 0.20 |
| Belarus | 49 | 62.30 | 3.60 |
| Madagascar | 50 | 62.20 | 5.10 |
| Moldova | 51 | 62.10 | 5.70 |
| United Kingdom | 52 | 62.00 | 11.10 |
| Georgia | 53 | 61.90 | 1.10 |
| Turkmenistan | 54 | 61.60 | -1.20 |
| Mongolia | 54 | 61.60 | 5.90 |
| Albania | 56 | 61.50 | 7.10 |
| Montenegro | 56 | 61.50 | 7.10 |
| Namibia | 58 | 61.00 | 1.40 |
| Mozambique | 59 | 60.90 | -0.70 |
| Australia | 60 | 60.50 | -18.90 |
| Netherlands | 61 | 60.40 | 13.00 |
| Kazakhstan | 62 | 60.20 | -0.90 |
| Ukraine | 63 | 59.90 | 4.30 |
| Greece | 64 | 59.80 | 7.70 |
| Djibouti | 65 | 59.70 | -9.80 |
| Azerbaijan | 66 | 59.40 | 0.20 |
| Kyrgyzstan | 67 | 59.30 | -2.20 |
| Estonia | 68 | 59.10 | 5.80 |
| Venezuela | 69 | 58.20 | -7.40 |
| Turkey | 70 | 57.80 | 6.40 |
| Lithuania | 71 | 57.40 | 6.70 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 72 | 57.00 | 7.50 |
| France | 73 | 56.70 | 11.00 |
| Canada | 74 | 56.40 | 5.40 |
| Germany | 75 | 56.30 | 11.70 |
| Sudan | 76 | 56.20 | -2.20 |
| Tanzania | 77 | 56.10 | 0.10 |
| Poland | 78 | 55.70 | 13.00 |
| Latvia | 79 | 55.60 | 8.10 |
| Switzerland | 80 | 55.20 | 13.80 |
| North Macedonia | 80 | 55.20 | 7.80 |
| Haiti | 82 | 54.90 | 3.00 |
| United States of America | 82 | 54.90 | 13.40 |
| Brazil | 84 | 54.50 | -3.60 |
| Peru | 84 | 54.50 | -13.40 |
| Russia | 84 | 54.50 | 1.20 |
| Belgium | 87 | 54.30 | 13.60 |
| Romania | 87 | 54.30 | 8.30 |
| Senegal | 89 | 53.90 | -2.20 |
| Bulgaria | 90 | 53.70 | 6.40 |
| Luxembourg | 91 | 53.40 | 10.10 |
| Armenia | 92 | 53.20 | -2.90 |
| Hungary | 93 | 53.10 | 8.50 |
| Serbia | 93 | 53.10 | 8.80 |
| Bolivia | 95 | 53.00 | -6.40 |
| Austria | 96 | 52.90 | 9.40 |
| Honduras | 97 | 52.60 | -2.20 |
| Mali | 97 | 52.60 | 1.30 |
| Slovakia | 99 | 52.30 | 10.60 |
| Japan | 100 | 51.60 | 13.20 |
| Paraguay | 101 | 51.40 | -3.70 |
| Saudi Arabia | 102 | 51.30 | -6.70 |
| Uzbekistan | 103 | 51.00 | -2.10 |
| Oman | 104 | 50.90 | -10.40 |
| Croatia | 105 | 50.30 | 8.00 |
| Philippines | 106 | 49.20 | 8.00 |
| Gambia | 107 | 49.10 | -3.50 |
| Italy | 108 | 48.90 | 15.60 |
| Chad | 109 | 48.80 | 2.40 |
| Tajikistan | 110 | 48.50 | -0.80 |
| Equatorial Guinea | 111 | 48.40 | -9.00 |
| Czech Republic | 112 | 48.30 | 10.40 |
| Ecuador | 113 | 47.80 | -3.10 |
| Burkina Faso | 114 | 46.60 | -2.10 |
| Zambia | 114 | 46.60 | -0.40 |
| Slovenia | 116 | 46.20 | 9.20 |
| Guinea-Bissau | 117 | 45.90 | 1.70 |
| Zimbabwe | 118 | 45.50 | 1.60 |
| Tunisia | 119 | 45.10 | -1.90 |
| Morocco | 120 | 44.90 | -11.70 |
| Niger | 121 | 44.30 | -4.20 |
| Lesotho | 122 | 43.80 | -5.50 |
| Afghanistan | 123 | 42.70 | -3.90 |
| Gabon | 124 | 42.30 | -6.60 |
| Cote d'Ivoire | 125 | 41.80 | -0.20 |
| Colombia | 126 | 41.50 | -4.90 |
| Eritrea | 127 | 39.90 | -20.30 |
| Algeria | 127 | 39.90 | -10.90 |
| Malawi | 129 | 39.30 | 2.10 |
| Liberia | 129 | 39.30 | 18.50 |
| El Salvador | 131 | 37.00 | -2.80 |
| Cambodia | 132 | 36.90 | 5.00 |
| Bahrain | 133 | 32.80 | -8.60 |
| Ghana | 133 | 32.80 | -4.90 |
| Guatemala | 135 | 32.60 | 0.10 |
| Qatar | 136 | 32.10 | -9.10 |
| Togo | 137 | 32.00 | -1.80 |
| Eswatini | 138 | 31.00 | -8.40 |
| Angola | 139 | 30.30 | 4.60 |
| Taiwan | 139 | 30.30 | 11.20 |
| Sri Lanka | 141 | 30.20 | -4.00 |
| Benin | 142 | 29.10 | -6.60 |
| Cameroon | 143 | 28.80 | -6.00 |
| Mexico | 144 | 28.50 | -3.20 |
| United Arab Emirates | 145 | 25.70 | -10.10 |
| Republic of Congo | 145 | 25.70 | -1.10 |
| Guinea | 147 | 24.90 | 9.80 |
| Ethiopia | 148 | 24.40 | -3.70 |
| Sierra Leone | 149 | 23.90 | 23.90 |
| Singapore | 150 | 23.50 | -8.40 |
| Myanmar | 151 | 23.10 | 14.40 |
| Jordan | 152 | 23.00 | -7.70 |
| Central African Republic | 153 | 21.50 | 4.00 |
| Lebanon | 154 | 20.80 | -1.40 |
| Iraq | 155 | 19.70 | -12.60 |
| Kuwait | 156 | 18.30 | -7.20 |
| Thailand | 157 | 17.50 | 4.20 |
| Indonesia | 158 | 17.40 | 15.70 |
| Egypt | 159 | 15.10 | -5.40 |
| Uganda | 160 | 14.40 | -4.10 |
| Dem. Rep. Congo | 161 | 14.10 | 1.20 |
| Kenya | 162 | 13.80 | -5.30 |
| Brunei Darussalam | 163 | 13.70 | 13.70 |
| Israel | 163 | 13.70 | -6.30 |
| Malaysia | 165 | 13.60 | -1.80 |
| Viet Nam | 166 | 8.40 | 3.70 |
| Chile | 167 | 8.20 | -4.60 |
| Burundi | 168 | 7.20 | NA |
| Iran | 169 | 6.90 | -20.80 |
| Nigeria | 170 | 4.50 | -11.40 |
| Bhutan | 171 | 3.20 | 3.20 |
| Bangladesh | 172 | NA | NA |
| China | 172 | NA | NA |
| India | 172 | NA | NA |
| South Korea | 172 | NA | NA |
| South Africa | 172 | NA | -12.10 |
| Laos | 172 | NA | -3.30 |
| Nepal | 172 | NA | NA |
| Pakistan | 172 | NA | NA |
| Rwanda | 172 | NA | NA |