We measure exposure to ground-level nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2) using a country’s ambient ground-level concentration. The pollutant concentration is population-weighted to better capture the exposure levels in geographic areas with a higher human population density. A score of 100 indicates a country has among the lowest exposure in the world (≤5th-percentile), while a score of 0 indicates a country is among the highest (≥99th-percentile). Data for this indicator come from the Copernicus database and from Wolf et al., 2021.
NOx exposure
| Country | Rank | EPI Score | 10-Year Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Micronesia | 1 | 100.00 | NA |
| Kiribati | 1 | 100.00 | NA |
| Samoa | 1 | 100.00 | 9.80 |
| Marshall Islands | 1 | 100.00 | NA |
| Solomon Islands | 1 | 100.00 | NA |
| Tonga | 1 | 100.00 | NA |
| Vanuatu | 1 | 100.00 | NA |
| Maldives | 8 | 96.30 | -0.30 |
| Sao Tome and Principe | 9 | 95.90 | 3.60 |
| Seychelles | 10 | 94.20 | 2.50 |
| Guyana | 11 | 87.50 | 0.60 |
| Suriname | 12 | 84.40 | -0.90 |
| Grenada | 13 | 79.10 | -1.40 |
| Barbados | 14 | 78.80 | 2.60 |
| Cabo Verde | 14 | 78.80 | 6.20 |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 16 | 77.20 | 7.90 |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 17 | 76.90 | 2.20 |
| Comoros | 18 | 76.30 | 0.30 |
| Fiji | 19 | 76.20 | 2.00 |
| Dominica | 20 | 74.10 | 2.40 |
| Saint Lucia | 21 | 73.40 | 3.80 |
| Mauritius | 22 | 68.80 | 11.00 |
| Bahamas | 23 | 65.70 | 9.60 |
| Timor-Leste | 24 | 64.20 | 1.10 |
| Papua New Guinea | 25 | 64.10 | 0.40 |
| Iceland | 26 | 63.80 | 6.00 |
| Equatorial Guinea | 27 | 59.20 | -4.80 |
| Belize | 28 | 58.00 | -3.20 |
| Bolivia | 29 | 50.10 | -0.80 |
| Mauritania | 29 | 50.10 | -0.80 |
| Gabon | 31 | 49.90 | -3.20 |
| Tanzania | 32 | 49.10 | 1.60 |
| Cote d'Ivoire | 33 | 47.70 | 1.80 |
| Liberia | 34 | 47.40 | 11.60 |
| Mozambique | 35 | 46.40 | -0.40 |
| New Zealand | 36 | 46.30 | 6.50 |
| Cyprus | 37 | 45.50 | 13.80 |
| Madagascar | 37 | 45.50 | 2.10 |
| Guinea-Bissau | 39 | 45.20 | 0.70 |
| Namibia | 40 | 44.70 | 1.10 |
| Nicaragua | 41 | 44.50 | 0.90 |
| Chad | 42 | 43.20 | 3.00 |
| Djibouti | 43 | 42.90 | -5.20 |
| Central African Republic | 44 | 42.30 | 3.50 |
| Republic of Congo | 44 | 42.30 | 4.10 |
| Mali | 46 | 41.80 | 1.70 |
| Cuba | 47 | 41.70 | 0.70 |
| Paraguay | 48 | 41.60 | -2.60 |
| Botswana | 49 | 39.80 | -1.50 |
| Sudan | 49 | 39.80 | -1.00 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | 51 | 39.50 | 2.40 |
| Uruguay | 52 | 39.20 | -2.70 |
| Ghana | 53 | 39.00 | -0.70 |
| Burkina Faso | 54 | 38.90 | 0.20 |
| Cameroon | 55 | 38.80 | -1.80 |
| Senegal | 56 | 38.10 | -2.70 |
| Afghanistan | 57 | 37.80 | -6.00 |
| Gambia | 57 | 37.80 | -3.20 |
| Zambia | 59 | 37.60 | -0.30 |
| Malta | 60 | 36.80 | 9.80 |
| Togo | 61 | 36.70 | 0.80 |
| Malawi | 62 | 35.30 | 0.20 |
| Eritrea | 63 | 34.90 | -7.30 |
| Zimbabwe | 64 | 34.80 | 0.70 |
| Benin | 65 | 34.70 | -1.10 |
| Sierra Leone | 65 | 34.70 | 12.30 |
| Ireland | 67 | 34.40 | 3.10 |
| Montenegro | 68 | 34.10 | 1.20 |
| Myanmar | 69 | 34.00 | 3.90 |
| Turkmenistan | 70 | 33.50 | -2.50 |
| Guinea | 71 | 33.30 | 4.10 |
| Panama | 72 | 33.20 | -1.20 |
| Niger | 72 | 33.20 | -1.10 |
| Dem. Rep. Congo | 74 | 33.00 | 0.30 |
| Azerbaijan | 75 | 32.70 | -1.20 |
| Latvia | 76 | 32.60 | 2.10 |
| Angola | 77 | 32.40 | 1.90 |
| Sweden | 78 | 32.30 | 4.00 |
| Honduras | 79 | 31.70 | -1.80 |
| Lithuania | 80 | 31.50 | 0.50 |
| Venezuela | 81 | 30.50 | NA |
| Georgia | 82 | 30.30 | -4.20 |
| Ethiopia | 83 | 30.20 | -1.60 |
| Mongolia | 84 | 29.90 | -4.20 |
| Uganda | 84 | 29.90 | -2.60 |
| Albania | 86 | 29.50 | 3.00 |
| Brunei Darussalam | 87 | 29.30 | 2.80 |
| Haiti | 88 | 29.10 | 0.80 |
| Jamaica | 88 | 29.10 | 0.80 |
| Cambodia | 90 | 29.00 | -3.20 |
| Moldova | 90 | 29.00 | -0.90 |
| Peru | 92 | 28.90 | -10.80 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 93 | 28.00 | 1.50 |
| Ecuador | 94 | 27.20 | -0.10 |
| Belarus | 95 | 26.90 | -0.80 |
| Costa Rica | 96 | 26.80 | -1.10 |
| Brazil | 97 | 26.20 | -1.30 |
| Colombia | 98 | 25.90 | -2.10 |
| Estonia | 99 | 25.80 | 5.10 |
| Philippines | 100 | 25.30 | 2.30 |
| Kazakhstan | 101 | 25.10 | -4.80 |
| Greece | 102 | 25.00 | 5.60 |
| Tajikistan | 103 | 24.40 | -2.30 |
| Burundi | 104 | 24.30 | -0.70 |
| Denmark | 105 | 24.10 | 4.70 |
| Laos | 106 | 23.90 | -3.30 |
| Serbia | 107 | 23.30 | 2.80 |
| Bhutan | 108 | 22.90 | -5.80 |
| Argentina | 109 | 22.80 | 0.90 |
| Kenya | 110 | 22.30 | -4.00 |
| Nigeria | 111 | 21.50 | -4.40 |
| Spain | 112 | 21.30 | 5.40 |
| Norway | 112 | 21.30 | 4.10 |
| Ukraine | 114 | 21.00 | -0.80 |
| North Macedonia | 114 | 21.00 | 2.50 |
| Portugal | 114 | 21.00 | 5.00 |
| Armenia | 117 | 20.90 | -8.80 |
| Croatia | 118 | 20.80 | 2.10 |
| Dominican Republic | 119 | 20.50 | -0.60 |
| Eswatini | 119 | 20.50 | -2.50 |
| Romania | 121 | 20.30 | 2.40 |
| Singapore | 122 | 20.10 | 8.80 |
| Sri Lanka | 123 | 19.50 | -5.80 |
| Bulgaria | 124 | 19.40 | 1.90 |
| Canada | 125 | 19.10 | 5.50 |
| Kyrgyzstan | 126 | 18.70 | -3.50 |
| Guatemala | 126 | 18.70 | -1.20 |
| Poland | 128 | 18.60 | 6.00 |
| Hungary | 129 | 18.50 | 2.50 |
| France | 130 | 18.10 | 5.10 |
| Indonesia | 131 | 17.90 | 5.30 |
| Rwanda | 132 | 17.70 | -3.50 |
| Oman | 133 | 17.40 | -5.40 |
| Turkey | 134 | 17.30 | 1.30 |
| Slovakia | 135 | 17.20 | 3.40 |
| Switzerland | 136 | 16.90 | 6.80 |
| Tunisia | 137 | 16.70 | -2.90 |
| Morocco | 138 | 16.30 | -8.40 |
| Malaysia | 139 | 16.10 | 2.80 |
| Australia | 140 | 15.70 | 5.10 |
| Austria | 141 | 15.50 | 3.70 |
| Slovenia | 141 | 15.50 | 3.00 |
| Thailand | 143 | 15.20 | -1.30 |
| United States of America | 143 | 15.20 | 7.80 |
| El Salvador | 145 | 15.00 | -2.00 |
| Viet Nam | 146 | 14.90 | -3.90 |
| Saudi Arabia | 146 | 14.90 | -2.60 |
| Luxembourg | 148 | 14.80 | 5.50 |
| Nepal | 149 | 13.50 | -4.60 |
| Netherlands | 149 | 13.50 | 8.20 |
| Germany | 151 | 13.40 | 5.90 |
| Japan | 151 | 13.40 | 10.80 |
| Finland | 153 | 13.10 | 4.40 |
| Czech Republic | 154 | 13.00 | 3.40 |
| Lesotho | 154 | 13.00 | -1.50 |
| Italy | 156 | 12.50 | 6.80 |
| Russia | 157 | 12.30 | -2.40 |
| United Kingdom | 158 | 10.80 | 6.70 |
| Belgium | 159 | 10.60 | 7.00 |
| Mexico | 160 | 9.20 | -1.20 |
| Algeria | 161 | 8.20 | -5.00 |
| Uzbekistan | 162 | 6.70 | -2.40 |
| Chile | 163 | 6.00 | -1.60 |
| Bangladesh | 164 | 5.80 | -5.30 |
| Iraq | 165 | 4.00 | -6.60 |
| India | 166 | 3.30 | -4.30 |
| Lebanon | 167 | 2.70 | -1.30 |
| Pakistan | 168 | 2.10 | -3.30 |
| Jordan | 169 | 1.00 | -3.00 |
| Egypt | 170 | 0.90 | -4.40 |
| Qatar | 171 | 0.70 | -5.10 |
| Bahrain | 172 | 0.60 | -4.70 |
| South Africa | 173 | 0.40 | -4.80 |
| United Arab Emirates | 174 | NA | NA |
| China | 174 | NA | NA |
| Iran | 174 | NA | -4.30 |
| Israel | 174 | NA | NA |
| South Korea | 174 | NA | NA |
| Kuwait | 174 | NA | NA |
| Taiwan | 174 | NA | NA |