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VOC exposure

We measure exposure to ground-level volatile organic compounds using a country’s ambient ground-level concentration. The pollutant concentration is population-weighted to better capture the exposure levels in geographic areas with a higher human population density. We estimate volatile organic compounds as the summed concentration of ethane, propane, formaldehyde, and isoprene. A score of 100 indicates a country has among the lowest exposure in the world (≤5th-percentile), while a score of 0 indicates a country is among the highest (≥99th-percentile).

country rank Score 10y ∆
Kiribati 1 100.0 0.0
Marshall Islands 1 100.0 0.0
Micronesia 1 100.0 1.8
Samoa 1 100.0 0.0
Seychelles 1 100.0 1.2
Tonga 1 100.0 0.0
Mauritius 7 99.8 3.8
Barbados 8 96.3 0.9
Iceland 9 95.8 4.1
Cabo Verde 10 95.5 0.8
Maldives 11 93.5 2.5
Grenada 12 92.3 0.3
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 13 91.3 1.6
Antigua and Barbuda 14 91.0 3.3
Sao Tome and Principe 15 88.1 1.8
Saint Lucia 16 87.5 3.5
Bahamas 17 86.5 10.7
Comoros 18 85.9 3.5
Ireland 19 83.4 3.3
Dominica 20 83.2 4.1
Malta 21 80.9 0.5
Denmark 22 80.3 3.9
Sweden 23 77.4 4.2
Finland 24 76.7 5.6
United Kingdom 25 71.7 4.3
Estonia 26 70.6 4.7
Netherlands 27 70.0 5.0
Lithuania 28 69.7 0.3
Latvia 29 67.5 4.4
Belgium 30 67.0 2.9
Belarus 31 65.2 2.3
Vanuatu 32 64.9 5.9
Moldova 33 64.7 2.4
Ukraine 34 64.4 2.2
Poland 35 63.2 0.6
Germany 36 60.4 1.3
Norway 37 59.4 0.3
Luxembourg 38 58.5 0.1
France 39 57.4 -0.3
Canada 40 57.3 0.1
Djibouti 41 56.9 -1.1
Mongolia 42 56.7 -0.3
Russia 43 56.3 0.7
New Zealand 44 53.5 2.3
Czech Republic 45 53.2 -0.9
Kazakhstan 46 53.1 0.1
Trinidad and Tobago 46 53.1 2.1
Austria 48 50.2 -2.8
Romania 49 50.1 -0.8
Hungary 50 49.8 -1.4
Switzerland 51 49.6 -0.4
Portugal 52 48.0 -2.9
Slovakia 52 48.0 -1.6
Turkmenistan 52 48.0 0.2
Fiji 55 47.8 1.4
Albania 56 47.2 -6.7
Greece 57 45.9 -2.8
Kyrgyzstan 58 45.8 0.3
Lebanon 59 45.7 2.8
Italy 60 44.8 -3.6
Spain 61 44.3 -2.1
Japan 62 43.9 1.0
Jamaica 63 43.4 2.6
Tunisia 64 43.3 -0.9
Armenia 65 43.2 1.8
Cuba 66 43.1 0.6
Cyprus 67 42.4 1.0
Montenegro 68 42.3 -6.6
Azerbaijan 69 41.6 3.9
Bulgaria 70 41.4 -4.9
Israel 70 41.4 3.2
Saudi Arabia 72 40.8 -1.0
Turkiye 72 40.8 -0.1
Uzbekistan 74 40.1 1.6
Serbia 75 39.9 -4.4
Slovenia 76 39.2 -5.2
Uruguay 77 38.8 5.4
North Macedonia 78 38.6 -5.8
Egypt 79 38.3 0.2
Croatia 80 37.2 -6.5
Afghanistan 81 37.1 0.5
Taiwan 82 36.1 1.7
Jordan 83 36.0 -0.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina 84 35.7 -7.3
United States of America 85 35.5 -0.4
Georgia 86 35.2 2.1
Tajikistan 87 34.4 0.4
Morocco 88 34.2 -1.7
Haiti 89 33.8 -0.4
Oman 90 33.6 -2.7
Solomon Islands 91 33.4 -1.1
Panama 92 32.5 0.7
Mauritania 93 30.7 -0.4
Singapore 94 30.5 5.9
Senegal 95 30.2 -3.7
Dominican Republic 96 29.9 -1.2
Gambia 97 29.7 -2.8
China 98 29.2 1.7
Algeria 99 27.9 -0.9
Chile 100 27.5 -1.8
Niger 101 24.1 1.3
Sri Lanka 102 23.6 0.1
Iraq 103 23.2 2.9
Eritrea 104 22.9 1.7
Bahrain 105 22.8 -3.7
Iran 106 22.6 -0.4
Sudan 107 22.3 1.9
South Korea 108 22.2 2.3
Costa Rica 109 20.4 -1.0
Togo 109 20.4 -3.9
Lesotho 111 20.2 -1.6
Benin 112 20.1 -3.7
Tanzania 113 19.6 1.5
Philippines 114 19.0 -0.7
Belize 115 18.9 -3.6
Qatar 116 18.8 -2.4
South Africa 117 18.4 -3.1
Australia 118 18.3 2.5
Equatorial Guinea 118 18.3 -0.2
Madagascar 120 18.2 1.3
India 121 17.8 0.9
Burundi 122 17.7 3.3
Zimbabwe 123 17.5 -1.2
Argentina 124 17.4 1.3
Ghana 124 17.4 -5.0
Kenya 124 17.4 1.5
Pakistan 127 17.2 0.5
Mozambique 128 17.1 -2.4
Timor-Leste 129 16.9 2.4
Nigeria 130 16.7 -2.5
Liberia 131 16.2 -4.1
Guyana 132 16.1 -8.7
Eswatini 133 16.0 -3.8
Suriname 134 15.9 -11.0
Bangladesh 135 15.8 3.2
Malawi 135 15.8 -1.2
Viet Nam 135 15.8 0.0
Rwanda 138 14.5 4.6
Ecuador 139 14.3 -0.7
Brazil 140 14.2 -1.2
Ethiopia 141 14.0 0.3
Guinea-Bissau 141 14.0 -3.8
Burkina Faso 143 13.6 -2.7
Cote d'Ivoire 144 13.1 -4.1
Zambia 144 13.1 1.1
United Arab Emirates 146 12.6 -2.1
Botswana 147 12.3 -0.5
Bhutan 148 12.2 3.2
Nicaragua 149 12.1 -2.9
Kuwait 150 11.1 -2.2
Namibia 150 11.1 0.8
Peru 152 10.9 -3.5
Mexico 153 10.6 -1.4
Thailand 154 10.4 0.5
Sierra Leone 155 10.0 -1.1
Angola 156 9.8 5.1
Colombia 157 9.4 -1.2
Venezuela 157 9.4 -3.9
Gabon 159 8.8 -2.7
Indonesia 159 8.8 0.8
Mali 161 8.4 -0.7
Nepal 162 7.6 0.8
Uganda 163 5.9 3.5
Cameroon 164 4.7 -0.5
Cambodia 165 4.5 -2.0
Guinea 165 4.5 -0.8
El Salvador 167 2.0 0.0
Guatemala 168 0.7 -3.3
Bolivia 169 0.0 0.0
Brunei Darussalam 169 0.0 0.0
Central African Republic 169 0.0 0.0
Chad 169 0.0 0.0
Dem. Rep. Congo 169 0.0 0.0
Honduras 169 0.0 -0.4
Laos 169 0.0 0.0
Malaysia 169 0.0 0.0
Myanmar 169 0.0 0.0
Papua New Guinea 169 0.0 0.0
Paraguay 169 0.0 0.0
Republic of Congo 169 0.0 0.0