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SO2 exposure

We measure exposure to ground-level sulfur dioxide using a country’s ambient ground-level concentration. The pollutant concentration is population-weighted to better capture the exposure levels in geographic areas with a higher human population density. A score of 100 indicates a country has among the lowest exposure in the world (≤5th-percentile), while a score of 0 indicates a country is among the highest (≥99th-percentile).

country rank Score 10y ∆
Kiribati 1 100.0 0.0
Marshall Islands 1 100.0 0.0
Micronesia 1 100.0 0.0
Sao Tome and Principe 1 100.0 0.0
Tonga 1 100.0 0.5
Guyana 6 99.3 2.6
Seychelles 7 97.3 4.4
Maldives 8 97.2 3.3
Samoa 9 97.1 5.1
Solomon Islands 10 96.6 3.1
Barbados 11 92.5 4.0
Bolivia 12 91.0 -4.9
Timor-Leste 13 90.7 6.2
Comoros 14 89.6 3.6
Cabo Verde 15 88.9 2.2
Grenada 16 88.4 2.9
Iceland 17 87.8 13.2
Chad 18 86.1 -0.2
Madagascar 19 85.7 1.9
Dominica 20 85.0 4.1
Belize 21 84.4 2.9
Paraguay 22 83.8 -2.4
Vanuatu 23 83.7 6.5
Suriname 24 83.1 -3.5
Mali 25 82.6 -1.9
Trinidad and Tobago 26 82.5 5.4
Mozambique 27 81.2 2.6
Mauritius 28 79.9 8.9
Liberia 29 79.8 2.9
Saint Lucia 30 77.4 4.7
Central African Republic 31 77.3 1.5
Sweden 32 76.6 7.2
Haiti 33 75.9 2.9
Burkina Faso 34 75.4 -1.9
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 35 74.6 3.8
Tanzania 36 71.6 1.5
Switzerland 37 71.4 9.1
Bahamas 38 70.9 10.2
Niger 39 69.7 -1.0
Ethiopia 40 69.4 -1.0
Gabon 40 69.4 -1.2
Mauritania 40 69.4 -2.1
Finland 43 69.3 5.6
Ecuador 44 69.1 0.4
Antigua and Barbuda 45 68.8 5.8
Uruguay 46 68.6 0.4
Luxembourg 47 68.2 7.9
Namibia 48 67.8 -1.1
Sierra Leone 48 67.8 9.7
Cote d'Ivoire 50 67.3 -3.4
Argentina 51 66.9 0.3
Denmark 52 66.8 7.8
Equatorial Guinea 53 66.4 0.3
Panama 54 65.5 3.9
Malawi 55 64.6 0.4
Netherlands 56 64.3 11.7
Fiji 57 64.1 0.4
Eritrea 58 63.7 -3.6
Sudan 59 63.1 -6.2
Guinea 60 62.7 1.1
Germany 61 62.1 10.9
France 62 62.0 10.9
Venezuela 63 61.9 2.3
Ireland 64 61.3 6.1
Austria 65 61.1 6.5
Djibouti 66 60.5 -1.7
Angola 67 60.3 -4.1
Ghana 68 60.0 -3.9
Benin 69 59.4 -3.0
Togo 70 59.1 -2.7
Afghanistan 71 58.7 -4.3
Dominican Republic 72 58.2 4.6
Colombia 73 57.9 0.6
Brunei Darussalam 74 57.8 1.7
Cuba 75 56.9 3.4
Latvia 76 56.6 2.8
Peru 77 56.4 -4.8
Turkmenistan 78 56.3 0.8
Zimbabwe 79 55.4 1.4
Belgium 80 54.7 10.5
Honduras 81 54.5 1.1
Norway 81 54.5 10.3
Guinea-Bissau 83 51.6 -1.6
United Kingdom 83 51.6 11.9
Costa Rica 85 51.4 0.6
Nigeria 86 51.2 -3.9
Lithuania 87 50.9 1.2
Italy 88 50.8 8.1
Republic of Congo 89 50.5 0.3
Belarus 90 50.3 2.1
Laos 91 49.4 3.3
Malta 92 48.2 11.0
Myanmar 92 48.2 -3.0
Kenya 94 48.0 -0.7
Cameroon 95 47.4 -1.6
Slovenia 96 45.7 7.4
Spain 97 45.4 8.9
Botswana 98 45.1 0.2
New Zealand 98 45.1 1.1
Cambodia 100 44.8 -0.5
Georgia 100 44.8 0.8
Papua New Guinea 102 44.7 -1.1
Albania 103 44.6 3.7
Portugal 104 44.2 5.7
Zambia 105 44.0 1.6
Brazil 106 43.8 1.0
Montenegro 107 43.6 2.8
Australia 108 42.2 8.4
Croatia 109 41.9 6.0
Canada 110 41.7 3.8
Jamaica 111 41.2 3.2
Nicaragua 112 41.0 2.2
Cyprus 113 40.5 9.8
Czech Republic 114 40.4 6.2
Bhutan 115 39.4 -2.5
Azerbaijan 116 39.3 3.3
Kyrgyzstan 117 38.8 1.5
Turkiye 117 38.8 5.8
Romania 119 38.5 4.1
Guatemala 120 37.9 -0.5
Malaysia 121 37.5 2.3
Greece 122 37.4 4.1
Estonia 123 37.3 2.1
Slovakia 124 36.7 6.6
Eswatini 125 36.5 1.4
Ukraine 126 35.9 5.2
United States of America 127 35.7 6.0
El Salvador 128 35.6 1.6
Armenia 129 35.2 0.1
Poland 130 34.9 8.5
Tajikistan 131 34.3 0.6
Japan 132 33.9 4.3
Kazakhstan 133 33.0 0.8
Burundi 134 32.9 0.1
Viet Nam 135 32.3 -0.6
Moldova 136 32.1 1.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina 137 31.9 5.6
Hungary 138 31.8 7.4
Russia 139 31.5 1.5
Uzbekistan 140 30.1 2.0
Gambia 141 29.8 -1.9
Dem. Rep. Congo 142 28.0 0.3
Uganda 143 25.4 1.5
Oman 144 24.7 -4.4
Serbia 145 24.3 8.7
Algeria 146 24.0 -8.9
Nepal 147 23.8 -2.8
Mongolia 148 23.6 -2.9
Morocco 149 21.9 -5.1
North Macedonia 150 21.1 5.1
Sri Lanka 151 20.8 -0.6
Qatar 152 19.7 -1.6
Tunisia 153 19.2 -3.0
Bangladesh 154 17.8 -2.7
Indonesia 155 17.6 -0.4
Thailand 156 16.2 -2.6
Bulgaria 157 16.0 3.3
Lesotho 158 15.0 -0.8
Senegal 159 14.5 -1.4
United Arab Emirates 160 12.4 -3.3
Philippines 161 11.3 -0.6
Iraq 162 10.7 -3.6
Taiwan 163 10.4 0.8
Lebanon 164 10.1 0.6
Bahrain 165 9.2 -1.7
Pakistan 166 8.7 -2.8
India 167 8.0 -2.5
Iran 168 6.7 -4.1
Singapore 169 6.5 6.4
Saudi Arabia 170 4.6 -0.9
Egypt 171 3.5 -1.5
South Africa 172 2.8 -1.8
Chile 173 0.0 -0.5
China 173 0.0 0.0
Israel 173 0.0 0.0
Jordan 173 0.0 0.0
Kuwait 173 0.0 0.0
Mexico 173 0.0 0.0
Rwanda 173 0.0 0.0
South Korea 173 0.0 0.0