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Net carbon fluxes due to land cover change

The sum of carbon fluxes (both emissions and sinks) from land use, land cover change, and forestry over the last decade, normalized by countries’ forested area. A score of 100 indicates that a country's forested land as as sink of 0.5 Gg of CO2 per hectare, while a score of 0 indicates a source of the same magnitude per hectare. Data comes from the 2023 Global Carbon Budget.

country rank Score 10y ∆
Malta 1 100.0 0.0
United Arab Emirates 1 100.0 0.0
Barbados 3 66.4 10.7
Micronesia 4 62.0 2.3
Moldova 5 55.0 3.5
Uzbekistan 5 55.0 0.0
Czech Republic 7 54.6 -0.5
Cyprus 8 54.5 -3.5
Hungary 9 53.6 -0.1
Iran 10 53.4 -0.5
Poland 10 53.4 -0.5
Italy 12 52.9 -0.6
Cabo Verde 13 52.7 9.6
Greece 13 52.7 1.3
Montenegro 13 52.7 0.6
Serbia 13 52.7 -0.4
Ireland 17 52.5 -3.6
Georgia 18 52.1 0.1
Germany 18 52.1 -0.2
Turkiye 20 51.9 0.1
New Zealand 21 51.7 -0.8
Portugal 21 51.7 0.0
Cuba 23 51.5 0.2
Grenada 23 51.5 -0.3
Romania 23 51.5 0.4
South Korea 23 51.5 0.0
Spain 23 51.5 0.1
Austria 28 51.4 -0.1
Saint Lucia 29 51.2 -0.1
Croatia 30 51.1 -0.8
El Salvador 30 51.1 1.5
France 30 51.1 -0.1
North Macedonia 30 51.1 0.0
Bulgaria 34 51.0 -0.5
Slovakia 34 51.0 0.3
Switzerland 36 50.8 0.1
Trinidad and Tobago 36 50.8 -0.4
Dominican Republic 38 50.7 0.0
Dominica 39 50.6 0.4
Mongolia 39 50.6 0.6
Morocco 39 50.6 1.0
Japan 42 50.5 -0.4
Antigua and Barbuda 43 50.2 -0.1
Jamaica 43 50.2 3.0
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 43 50.2 0.2
United States of America 43 50.2 -0.3
Vanuatu 43 50.2 0.6
Bahamas 48 50.1 0.1
Eswatini 48 50.1 0.2
Albania 50 50.0 0.4
Comoros 50 50.0 0.1
Maldives 50 50.0 0.0
Seychelles 50 50.0 0.0
Central African Republic 54 49.9 0.1
Russia 54 49.9 -0.1
Sao Tome and Principe 54 49.9 0.9
Canada 57 49.8 0.1
Fiji 57 49.8 0.1
Gabon 57 49.8 0.1
South Africa 57 49.8 1.5
Suriname 57 49.8 0.0
Ukraine 57 49.8 -0.2
Algeria 63 49.7 0.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina 63 49.7 -0.5
Costa Rica 63 49.7 0.0
Norway 63 49.7 -0.1
Bhutan 67 49.6 1.1
Estonia 67 49.6 -0.7
Guyana 67 49.6 -0.1
Luxembourg 67 49.6 -0.2
Republic of Congo 67 49.6 0.1
Australia 72 49.5 1.6
Chile 72 49.5 0.2
Peru 72 49.5 0.3
Sweden 72 49.5 0.0
Belarus 76 49.4 -0.3
China 76 49.4 -0.7
Venezuela 76 49.4 0.2
Finland 79 49.3 -0.1
Papua New Guinea 79 49.3 0.2
Bolivia 81 49.2 0.4
Colombia 81 49.2 0.3
Equatorial Guinea 81 49.2 0.1
Ghana 81 49.2 2.6
India 81 49.2 0.7
Cameroon 86 49.1 0.2
Latvia 86 49.1 -0.5
Nepal 86 49.1 0.3
Ecuador 89 49.0 0.4
Madagascar 90 48.9 1.1
Slovenia 90 48.9 0.2
Guinea-Bissau 92 48.8 0.6
Panama 92 48.8 0.5
Solomon Islands 92 48.8 -0.1
Mozambique 95 48.7 0.5
Honduras 96 48.6 -0.8
Lithuania 96 48.6 -0.3
Sri Lanka 96 48.6 2.3
Argentina 99 48.5 3.1
Philippines 99 48.5 2.4
Tunisia 99 48.5 7.4
Liberia 102 48.4 0.1
Guinea 103 48.3 0.4
Denmark 104 48.2 0.6
Guatemala 104 48.2 1.3
Uruguay 104 48.2 2.7
Mauritius 107 48.1 -0.5
Sierra Leone 107 48.1 2.7
Thailand 107 48.1 2.2
Uganda 107 48.1 1.3
Angola 111 48.0 0.2
Haiti 111 48.0 4.4
Laos 111 48.0 0.3
Brazil 114 47.9 0.6
Brunei Darussalam 114 47.9 0.5
Mexico 114 47.9 -1.5
Zambia 117 47.8 0.2
Kyrgyzstan 118 47.6 0.9
Nigeria 118 47.6 2.1
Nicaragua 120 47.5 1.7
Rwanda 121 47.4 3.3
Myanmar 122 47.3 0.7
Paraguay 122 47.3 0.7
Azerbaijan 124 47.2 -1.2
Belgium 124 47.2 -1.6
Togo 124 47.2 4.6
Dem. Rep. Congo 127 47.1 -0.6
Timor-Leste 127 47.1 0.6
United Kingdom 129 47.0 0.1
Armenia 130 46.9 3.2
Kenya 131 46.7 5.6
Belize 132 46.3 -1.1
Bangladesh 133 46.1 -2.5
Cote d'Ivoire 134 46.0 0.5
Cambodia 135 45.8 -1.3
Lebanon 136 45.5 -2.2
Mali 136 45.5 45.5
Burundi 138 45.4 1.6
Kazakhstan 139 45.0 2.6
Malaysia 140 44.8 -0.6
Tanzania 141 44.7 1.3
Afghanistan 142 44.4 1.3
Indonesia 143 44.2 -0.7
Zimbabwe 144 43.5 6.6
Malawi 145 42.9 5.3
Singapore 146 42.8 -1.8
Ethiopia 147 41.8 -1.7
Viet Nam 148 41.7 -3.3
Netherlands 149 40.5 3.5
Pakistan 150 37.5 -6.8
Egypt 151 32.0 11.1
Tajikistan 152 31.9 5.2
Senegal 153 19.6 19.6
Israel 154 11.4 -45.5
Benin 155 0.0 0.0
Botswana 155 0.0 0.0
Burkina Faso 155 0.0 0.0
Chad 155 0.0 0.0
Eritrea 155 0.0 0.0
Gambia 155 0.0 0.0
Iraq 155 0.0 0.0
Jordan 155 0.0 0.0
Lesotho 155 0.0 0.0
Mauritania 155 0.0 0.0
Namibia 155 0.0 0.0
Niger 155 0.0 0.0
Oman 155 0.0 -100.0
Saudi Arabia 155 0.0 -100.0
Sudan 155 0.0 0.0
Turkmenistan 155 0.0 0.0
Bahrain
Djibouti
Iceland
Kiribati
Kuwait
Marshall Islands
Qatar
Samoa
Taiwan
Tonga